Highlights

Habitat & Tank Setup
- Tank Size: Minimum of 500 liters (132 gallons) for juveniles; adults need much larger tanks due to their size (up to 60 cm disc diameter).
- Substrate: Fine sand or smooth gravel to prevent injury to their delicate undersides.
- Decor: Keep decorations minimal and smooth. Avoid sharp objects. Provide hiding spots with driftwood or smooth rocks.
- Lighting: Dim lighting is preferred to mimic their natural habitat.

Water Parameters
- Temperature: 28°C (72–82°F).
- pH: 6.0–6.8 (slightly acidic).
- Hardness: Up to 8 dH (soft water).
- Filtration: Strong filtration is essential due to their high waste output. Use canister filters or sump systems.
- Water Changes: Frequent partial water changes (20–30% weekly) to maintain water quality.

Diet & Feeding
- Diet: Carnivorous. Feed live or frozen foods such as bloodworms, shrimp, earthworms, and small fish.
- Feeding Frequency: 1–2 times daily. Juveniles may require more frequent feeding.

Tankmates & Compatibility
- Behavior: Peaceful but territorial. Avoid housing with aggressive or fin-nipping species.
- Best Tankmates: Large, peaceful fish like silver dollars, large tetras, or other rays.